The damage that bad rulers can do to people and things is gigantic, especially considering that they command military apparatuses of immense power. But what goes on in their minds, exactly? Are some of them truly evil? Or just criminally incompetent? We'll probably never know for sure, but we have some hints for at least some of them.
There is a sentence attributed to Terry Pratchett that goes as, "the IQ of a mob is the IQ of its most stupid member divided by the number of mobsters." Actually, I think Robert Heinlein said something similar first (although I can't find that quote anymore). In any case, the idea that collective intelligence goes down with the number of the members of a group seems to have some logic in it, although it cannot be said to be scientifically proven.
If that's true, then we have a huge problem. How to manage states formed of tens or hundreds of millions, even billions, of people? If we apply Pratchett's formula, we see that the intelligence of such enormous crowds is nearly zero. And the current world situation seems to agree with this assessment.
A possible solution for the problem is to reduce the denominator of the formula to a single, absolute ruler. Indeed, it seems that human crowds, dumb as they may be, still perceive the problem and tend to give all the power to single figures. The bigger the problems, the more likely it is that most people will think it can be solved by someone who will "get things done."
Unfortunately, the idea of giving all the power to a single big man doesn't seem to work so well. Another quote by Robert Heinlein says "A well run tyranny is almost as scarce as an efficient democracy." (confirmed). You may have read that Trump is a narcissist, Biden is affected by Alzheimer's, Putin by the Asperger syndrome, Hitler by bipolar disorder, and that Assad is evil just because he is. The list of mad or evil rulers is long, but what do we know about these people? In practice, very little because they live shielded by a barrier of lies in the form of propaganda and press releases. Even the people who know them well, relatives and close friends, may well be fooled by people who arrived at the top exactly by their capability of fooling everyone, perhaps even themselves.
Perhaps, if we could have a diary written by one of these madmen, say, Adolf Hitler, we could understand what made them him do the evil things they did. But there is no such a diary, the manuscript that was claimed to be Hitler's diary in 1983 was a hoax. No dictator of note ever left us a diary -- which is perhaps a consequence of their personality. As I said, they tend to swindle everybody, including themselves, and a diary would be a weapon in the hands of their enemies.
But there are other possibility: the closest thing to a personal diary written by a dictator is a diary written by a close relative or a collaborator of a dictator. One such document is the diary kept by Galeazzo Ciano, foreign minister of the Mussolini government in Italy from 1937 to 1943. He was not only a close collaborator of the Duce but also a close relative since he had married his daughter. You can find the complete diary in Italian at this link.
Ciano wrote detailed notes of his everyday activities as foreign minister for the whole period of his appointment. Clearly, he was an insider and he knew things nobody else knew. At the same time, we don't have to take these notes as completely truthful. Especially the final pages are clearly written as an attempt by Ciano to distance himself from his illustrious father-in-law and his egregious blunders. Later on, he joined a coup against Mussolini but that sealed his downfall: he was tried and then shot for treason on orders of Mussolini himself. But, overall, it is probable that many details of the daily written document do reflect real events.
One thing we learn from Ciano's notes is how haphazardly and casually Italy was run. A country of 45 million inhabitants was steered by people who seemed to carry on, day by day, without a plan, without data, without a specific direction. Mostly, the story sounds like a TV soap, a telenovela: the atmosphere in the high echelons of the government was a poisonous mix of gossip, treachery, and abject deference to the great boss. The name of the game was a simple sentence: "Mussolini is always right." Anyone could be demoted to a powerless position if he happened to displease the commander in chief. In 1939, that happened also to Achille Starace, a longtime associate of Mussolini and secretary of the Fascist party.
So, in Ciano's diary, you find that nobody had plans for anything. The great boss, Mussolini, generally thought that Italy should pursue a policy of territorial expansion. That was because Italy was a young nation that needed space for its growing population. That could obtained at the expense of the evil and decadent plutocracies that were England and France. And that was to result in the creation of an Italian Empire that would rival the old Roman Empire.
If that was the plan, how to accomplish it was never clear: Mussolini, just like most politicians, had no interest and no trust in data. He trusted mainly his intuition and he was unaware of the weakness of the Italian armed forces and of the Italian economy. He was lucky enough that some of his initial military adventures were successful, and that boosted his trust on his personal decisional capabilities.
Not that Mussolini was a fool, not at all. As a young man, he had been a smart politician and a shrewd journalist. We have his diary during the time when he was in the trenches during WWI and there we find nothing of the warlike rhetoric of his later years. He always kept his head low: no question for him to jump out of the trench and attack enemies with bayonets. In 1917, he was lightly wounded by the accidental explosion of an Italian cannon and for him that was the end of the war. It was a stroke of luck for him: not only he could gain a reputation as a war hero, but he avoided the disaster of the battle of Caporetto, a few months later.
20 years later, we read in Ciano's diary how the smart politician had been turned into a bumbling fool. Let me write down for you a few excerpts.
Dec 19, 1937. The Duce said: "On my grave I want this epigraph: Here lies one of the most intelligent animals ever appeared on the face of the earth". The Duce is proud of his instinct which he considers, and has actually proved to be, infallible.
Sep 29-30 1938 (Criticizing Great Britain) "When animals are adored in a country to the point of making cemeteries, hospitals, homes for them; when bequests are made to parrots it is a sign that decadence is underway. Moreover, in addition to the many reasons, this also depends on the composition of the English people. 4 million more women. Four million sexually dissatisfied creatures, artificially creating a multitude of problems to arouse or artificially creating a multitude of problems to excite or appease their senses. Not being able to embrace a single man, they embrace humanity ".
June 3, 1939 "I" said the Duce "I am like a cat, cautious and prudent, but when I take a leap I am sure to land where I want.
Dec 24, 1940 – It's snowing. The Duce looks out of the window and is happy that it snows: "This snow and this cold are fine" he says "so the pipsqueaks die: and this mediocre Italian breed is improved. One of the main reasons why I wanted the reforestation of the Apennines it was to make Italy colder and snowier ".
You see what I mean, and there is much more in Ciano's diary. Mostly, these are sentences that you would attribute to an old man who has lost track with reality. But I think that the last paragraph is the key to the whole story, when Mussolini rejoices at the thought of Italians freezing to death. This is not just incompetency or stupidity, it is one of the few moments in Ciano's diary where we see true evil appearing. You might want to picture in your head Mussolini standing near the window of his office, maybe close to a warm radiator, while he rubs his hands together and smiles in a Satanic smile like the character of a comic book. (you may add also the classic Satanic laughter that goes as Bwa-ha-ha-ha-ha!)
But an evil comic character is not a good description of what was happening. As I wrote in a previous post, a post-mortem examination showed that Mussolini's brain was still functional during the last years of his rule. By all means, it was the normal brain of a normal person. For Mussolini, turning evil may have been the result of a combination of factors, principally a question of empathy: understanding and caring for your fellow human beings.
Empathy requires a certain effort, it is a tool that needs to be sharpened every day. But the human mind normally tries to follow the easiest path. Just as you get fat if you don't exercise your body, you get dumb if you don't exercise your mind. What happened with Mussolini and the Italian government was a (truly evil) self-reinforcing loop. The people around Mussolini soon found that they could keep their position if they never disagreed with the boss. Mussolini, in turn, found that he could easily get rid of those who disagreed with him. And the result was that he was even more surrounded by yes-men who always agreed with him. Eventually, he found he didn't need emphaty, he only needed to give orders.
It was not just Mussolini's mind that had degraded for lack of exercise, it was the whole chain of command of the Italian government that had degraded in a way that reminds the sentence by Terry Pratchett about the collective intelligence of a group. By the 1930s, the process had led to situation that you could describe as "government by the whims of the boss."
It all became painful clear when, in 1940, Mussolini ordered the invasion of Greece in winter, across the Epirus mountains, with woefully insufficient and poorly equipped troops. We have the minutes of the government reunions that preceded the attack on Greece: it is clear that nobody dared to oppose the decision of the Duce. On the contrary, generals competed with each other to state that it could be done easily. A classic effect of a group feedback that leads to terribly bad decisions. Disaster ensued, as it should have been expected.
My impression is that, while losing empathy, Mussolini was also gradually losing the moral bonds that keep normal people from being truly evil. He had found that he could kill Italians only indirectly, for instance by planting trees in the mountains (at least he imagined that). But, at some point, he discovered that not only he could order to kill foreigners as he pleased, but that the more foreigners he had killed, the more he became popular in Italy. So, he proceeded to expand this strategy until, unfortunately for him (and for many others), the idea backfired. Badly. After that a half million Italians had died because of his mistakes, you know how he ended, hanged upside-down.
Mussolini's case is just one that's close enough to our times that we have abundant documentation about it. It is also sufficiently remote that we can discuss it from a reasonably objective viewpoint. The question is why is it so easily for governments to be hijacked by evil/incompetent/dumb leaders? Unfortunately, that may occur much more often than we would like to think. Are some of our leaders rejoicing when large numbers of mere commoners die because of their actions, just as Mussolini did? How can we say? We won't know until much after they are gone, if ever.
But we can find hints that not everything may be well in the minds of our leaders. The Guardian recently wrote that:
Today we learned Trump released his own video of his interview on “60 Minutes.” I chuckled when I read his description of his performance:“Watch [Stahl’s] constant interruptions [and] anger. Compare my full, flowing and ‘magnificently brilliant’ answers,” Trump tweeted along with the link to the interview.
Of course, you may call that harmless narcissism. Surely it is nothing like Mussolini's blabber. But, well, you know, sometimes you wonder.....
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